Introduction
Comma usage is a common challenge for many writers, but few grammar dilemmas are as sticky as when to place a comma before or after the word “which.” This seemingly simple decision can have a significant impact on the clarity and meaning of a sentence, yet there is often confusion about when and how to use the comma correctly. In this article, we will explore the various options and provide tips for mastering this common punctuation conundrum in both formal and creative writing.
Mastering the Comma: Should You Place it Before or After “Which”?
One of the main reasons that using commas with “which” can be so tricky is that there are two options for placement: before or after the word. The general rule is that if the information following “which” is necessary for understanding the meaning of the sentence, then a comma should not be used. However, if the information is optional or non-essential, then a comma should be used.
For example, consider the following sentences:
– The car, which needs new brakes, is parked on the street.
– The car that needs new brakes is parked on the street.
In the first sentence, the phrase “which needs new brakes” is non-essential information that could be left out without changing the meaning of the sentence. Therefore, a comma is used to separate it from the rest of the sentence. In the second sentence, “that needs new brakes” is essential to the meaning of the sentence, so a comma is not used.
While this rule is helpful, there are a few tricky cases that require more thought and attention.
Top 5 Tricky Cases for Using a Comma with “Which”
1. Relative clauses with “which” can also be expressed with “who” and “that.” “Who” is used for people, and “that” can be used for people or things. While all three options can be used without a comma, only “which” and “who” should be used with a comma when the information is non-essential.
For example:
– The teacher, who has been teaching for twenty years, is retiring.
– The teacher who has been teaching for twenty years is retiring. (essential information)
– The book that she gave me was excellent.
– The book, which she gave me, was excellent. (non-essential information)
2. Non-restrictive clauses, which are explained above, can also be introduced with the words “that” and “who” but they cannot be introduced with “where” or “when.” If “when” or “where” are used to introduce a non-restrictive clause, a comma must be used.
For example:
– The day, when the sun was shining, was perfect.
– The day when the sun was shining was perfect. (essential information)
– The town, where my grandfather was born, is in Italy.
– The town where my grandfather was born is in Italy. (essential information)
– The hotel, which is where we stayed last year, is under new management. (non-essential information)
3. Inverted clauses, which are clauses that have the subject and verb switched around, should always be separated by a comma. This is true even if the clause uses the word “that.”
For example:
– Was it the song, which made her cry?
– Was it the song that made her cry? (essential information)
4. When “which” is used after a preposition, a comma should not be used.
For example:
– The office in which I work is on the sixth floor.
– The office where I work is on the sixth floor. (alternative option)
5. In questions, “which” is often used with a comma, but it can be omitted in some cases, such as when the question is asking for a specific item from a list.
For example:
– Which, of these two options, do you prefer?
– Which of these two options do you prefer? (specific item from a list)
The Case for Consistency: Is a Comma Always Necessary with “Which”?
While there are certainly cases where a comma is not required with “which,” there is a strong argument to be made for consistency in usage. The reason for this is simple: readers are accustomed to consistent punctuation patterns and will pick up on deviations that can disrupt the flow of the writing. Therefore, it is generally a good idea to choose one method (comma or no comma) and stick with it throughout a piece of writing.
When to Break the Rules: Placing a Comma Before or After “Which” in Creative Writing
While formal writing often requires strict adherence to grammar rules, creative writing is a different story. There are times when a writer may choose to deviate from traditional punctuation patterns in order to create a specific feeling or effect in the writing. For example, a writer may choose to use a comma with “which” in a certain way to create a pause or a sense of emphasis. Alternatively, a writer may choose to omit a comma to create a sense of speed or urgency. As with all writing decisions, it is important to consider the intended effect on the reader and to make intentional choices.
Grammar Mistakes to Avoid: Common Errors with Commas and the Word “Which”
Some of the most common mistakes that writers make with commas and “which” include:
– Using a comma with “that” or “who”
– Failing to use a comma with a non-restrictive clause
– Using “which” when “that” or “who” is more appropriate
– Overusing or underusing commas in general
To avoid these mistakes, writers should take time to review grammar rules and to get feedback from others on their writing.
Quick Tips for Perfecting Your Comma Usage with “Which”
– Determine if the information following “which” is essential or non-essential.
– If the information is essential, do not use a comma.
– If the information is non-essential, use a comma.
– Be consistent in your usage throughout a piece of writing.
– Consider deviating from traditional rules for creative effect.
By mastering the usage of commas with “which,” writers can improve the clarity and readability of their work. By following these tips and avoiding common mistakes, writers can feel confident in their ability to navigate this common grammar challenge.